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.. IVLE - Informatics Virtual Learning Environment
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Copyright (C) 2007-2009 The University of Melbourne
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.. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
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(at your option) any later version.
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.. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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GNU General Public License for more details.
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.. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
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IVLE is a complex piece of software that integrates closely with the
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underlying system. It can be considered part web service and part local system
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daemon. Due to the implementation of these parts it is tied to Apache Web
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Server (mainly due to the use of mod_python) and Linux.
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One of the main features of IVLE is it's ability to execute user's code in a
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customised environment that prevents access to other users files or underlying
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file system as well as placing basic resource limits to prevent users from
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accidentally exhausting shared resources such as CPU time and memory.
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To each user, it appears that they have their own private Unix filesystem
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containing software, libraries and a home directory to do with what they
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please. This is mainly done by the setuid root program ``trampoline`` (See
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:file:`bin/trampoline/trampoline.c`) which mounts the users home directory,
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sets up the users environment, jumps into the user's jail using the
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:manpage:`chroot(2)` system call and finally drops privileges to the desired
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To prevent abuse, ``trampoline`` can only be used by root or one of the uids
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specified when trampoline is built by ``setup.py build`` (defaults to UID 33,
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www-data on Debian systems). Since it's one of two C programs involved in IVLE
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and runs setuid root it is rather secuity sensative.
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All user jails share a common base image that contains the files required for
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both IVLE's operation and for executing user code. This base image is
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generated automatically by the ``ivle-buildjail`` script. This then calls the
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distribution dependant details in :mod:`ivle.jailbuilder` module. At present
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we only support building jails for Debian derived systems using
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:program:`debootstrap`.
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The contents of the base image contains a few core packages required for the
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operation of IVLE - Python and the Python CJSON and SVN libraries. Other
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options that can be configured in :file:`/etc/ivle/ivle.conf` are the file
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mirror that debootstrap should use, the suite to build (such as hardy or
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jaunty), extra apt-sources, extra apt keys and any additional packages to
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To prevent users from altering files in the base image we change the
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permissions of :file:`/tmp`, :file:`/var/tmp` and :file:`/var/lock` to not be
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world writeable and check that no other files are world writeable.
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Finally we make the user dependent :file:`/etc/passwd` and
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:file:`/etc/ivle/ivle.conf` symlinks to files in the :file:`/home` directory
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so that they will be used when we mount a user's home directory.
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Mounting Home Directories
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-------------------------
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To give the appearance of a private file system we need to merge together a
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user's local home directory with the base image. In the first release of IVLE
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this was done off-line by hardlinking all the files into the target directory,
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but for more than a handful of users this process could take several hours and
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also ran the risk of exhausting inodes on the underlying file system.
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The first solution was to use `AUFS <http://aufs.sourceforge.net/>`_ to mount
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the user's home directory over a read-only version of the base on demand. This
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was implemented as part of ``trampoline`` and used a secondary program
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``timount`` (see :file:`bin/timount/timount.c`) run at regular intervals to
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unmount unused jails. This uses the :const:`MNT_EXPIRE` flag for
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:manpage:`umount(2)` (available since Linux 2.6.8) that only unmounts a
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directory if it hasn't been accessed since the previous call with
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While quite effective, AUFS appears to cause NFS caching issues when IVLE is
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run as a cluster as well as questionable inclusion status in newer
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distributions. The current system used in IVLE the much older *bind mount*
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feature which allows directories to be accessible from another location in the
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file system. By carefully read-only bind mounting the jail image and then bind
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mounting the user's :file:`/home` and :file:`/tmp` directory data over the top
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we can create a jail with only three bind mounts and at virtually no
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Before running the specified program in the users jail we need to
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:manpage:`chroot(2)` into the users jail and update the processes environment
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so that we have the correct environment variables and user/group ids.
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At this stage we also may apply a number of resource limits (see
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:manpage:`setrlimit`) to prevent run away processes (such as those containing
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infinite loops or "fork bombs") from exhausting all system resources. The
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default limits are on maximum address space (:const:`RLIMIT_AS`), process data
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space (:const:`RLIMIT_DATA`), core dump size (:const:`RLIMIT_CORE`), CPU time
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(:const:`RLIMIT_CPU`), file size (:const:`RLIMIT_FSIZE`) and number of
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processes that may be spawned (:const:`RLIMIT_NPROC`).
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Unfortunately due to glibc's :manpage:`malloc(2)` implementation being able to
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allocate memory using :manpage:`mmap(2)`, :const:`RLIMIT_DATA` does not
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provide an effective limit on the amount of memory that a process can allocate
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(short of applying a kernel patch). Thus the only way to limit memory
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allocations is by placing limits on the address space, but this can cause
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problems with certain applications that allocate far larger address spaces
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than the real memory used. For this reason :const:`RLIMIT_AS` is currently set
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.. TODO: Not yet merged
added
removed
doc/dev/architecture.rst
