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<head><title>Chinese character (汉字)</title></head>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character">Chinese character</a>
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<p>From Wikipedia: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character">Chinese character</a></p>
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<h2>Ideogrammic compounds</h2>
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<ul><li>会意字 / 會意字; huìyìzì</li></ul>
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<p>Translated literally as logical aggregates or associative compounds, these
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characters symbolically combine pictograms or ideograms to create a third
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character. For instance, doubling the pictogram 木 mù "tree" produces 林 lín
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"grove", while tripling it produces 森 sēn "forest". (It is interesting to
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note (see below) that 林 and 森 both have the same *-ǐǝm reconstructed Old
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Chinese final.[40]) Similarly, combining 日 rì "sun" and 月 yuè "moon", the
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two natural sources of light, makes 明 míng "bright". Other commonly cited
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examples include the characters 休 xiū "rest", composed of the pictograms 人
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rén "person" and 木 mù "tree" and 好 hǎo "good", composed of the pictograms
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女 nǚ "women" and 子 zǐ "infant".</p>
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<p>Translated literally as logical aggregates or associative compounds, these characters symbolically
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combine pictograms or ideograms to create a third character. For instance, doubling the pictogram 木
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mù "tree" produces 林 lín "grove", while tripling it produces 森 sēn "forest". (It is interesting to
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note (see below) that 林 and 森 both have the same *-ǐǝm reconstructed Old Chinese final.[40])
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Similarly, combining 日 rì "sun" and 月 yuè "moon", the two natural sources of light, makes 明 míng
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"bright". Other commonly cited examples include the characters 休 xiū "rest", composed of the pictograms
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人 rén "person" and 木 mù "tree" and 好 hǎo "good", composed of the pictograms 女 nǚ "women" and 子 zǐ "infant".</p>
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<p>Xu Shen estimated that 13% of characters fall into this category.</p>
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<p>Some scholars flatly reject the existence of this category, opining that
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failure of modern attempts to identify a phonetic in a compound is due
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simply to our not looking at ancient "secondary readings", which were lost
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over time.[41] For example, the character 安 ān "peace", a combination of
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"roof" 宀 and "woman" 女, is commonly cited as an ideogrammic compound,
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purportedly motivated by a meaning such as "all is peaceful with the woman
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at home". However, there is evidence that 女 was once a polyphone with a
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secondary reading of *an, as may be gleaned from the set 妟 yàn "tranquil",
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奻 nuán "to quarrel", and 姦 jiān "licentious". Supporting this reasoning is
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the fact that modern interpretations often neglect archaic forms that were
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in use when the characters were created.</p>
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<p>These arguments notwithstanding, there are some characters that do appear
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to genuinely belong to this category. It is doubtful that secondary readings
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can be found for many cases, and the characters 林, 森, 明, 休, and 好 are
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all attested in oracle bone script, with the same components as the modern
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<p>Some scholars flatly reject the existence of this category, opining that failure of modern attempts
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to identify a phonetic in a compound is due simply to our not looking at ancient "secondary readings",
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which were lost over time.[41] For example, the character 安 ān "peace", a combination of "roof" 宀
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and "woman" 女, is commonly cited as an ideogrammic compound, purportedly motivated by a meaning such
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as "all is peaceful with the woman at home". However, there is evidence that 女 was once a polyphone
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with a secondary reading of *an, as may be gleaned from the set 妟 yàn "tranquil", 奻 nuán "to quarrel",
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and 姦 jiān "licentious". Supporting this reasoning is the fact that modern interpretations often neglect
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archaic forms that were in use when the characters were created.</p>
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<p>These arguments notwithstanding, there are some characters that do appear to genuinely belong to this
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category. It is doubtful that secondary readings can be found for many cases, and the characters 林, 森,
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明, 休, and 好 are all attested in oracle bone script, with the same components as the modern forms.</p>
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