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# Copyright (C) 2007-2008 The University of Melbourne
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# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
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# (at your option) any later version.
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# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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# GNU General Public License for more details.
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# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
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# Runs a student script in a safe execution environment.
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# NOTE: This script currently disables cookies. This means students will be
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# unable to write session-based or stateful web applications. This is done for
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# security reasons (we do not want the students to see the IVLE cookie of
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# whoever is visiting their pages).
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# This can be resolved but needs careful sanitisation. See fixup_environ.
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from common import studpath
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from common.util import IVLEError, IVLEJailError
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# TODO: Make progressive output work
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# Question: Will having a large buffer size stop progressive output from
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# working on smaller output
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CGI_BLOCK_SIZE = 65535
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"""Get the unix uid corresponding to the given login name.
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If it is not in the dictionary of uids, then consult the
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database and retrieve an update of the user table."""
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res = conn.get_all('login', ['login', 'unixid'])
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return (flds['login'], flds['unixid'])
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uids = dict(map(repack,res))
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def interpret_file(req, owner, jail_dir, filename, interpreter, gentle=True):
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"""Serves a file by interpreting it using one of IVLE's builtin
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interpreters. All interpreters are intended to run in the user's jail. The
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jail location is provided as an argument to the interpreter but it is up
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to the individual interpreters to create the jail.
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req: An IVLE request object.
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owner: Username of the user who owns the file being served.
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jail_dir: Absolute path to the user's jail.
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filename: Absolute filename within the user's jail.
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interpreter: A function object to call.
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# We can't test here whether or not the target file actually exists,
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# because the apache user may not have permission. Instead we have to
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# rely on the interpreter generating an error.
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if filename.startswith(os.sep):
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filename_abs = filename
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filename_rel = filename[1:]
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filename_abs = os.path.join(os.sep, filename)
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filename_rel = filename
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# Get the UID of the owner of the file
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# (Note: files are executed by their owners, not the logged in user.
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# This ensures users are responsible for their own programs and also
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# allows them to be executed by the public).
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# Split up req.path again, this time with respect to the jail
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(working_dir, _) = os.path.split(filename_abs)
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# jail_dir is the absolute jail directory.
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# path is the filename relative to the user's jail.
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# working_dir is the directory containing the file relative to the user's
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# (Note that paths "relative" to the jail actually begin with a '/' as
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# they are absolute in the jailspace)
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return interpreter(uid, jail_dir, working_dir, filename_abs, req,
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"""Stores flags regarding the state of reading CGI output.
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If this is to be gentle, detection of invalid headers will result in an
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def __init__(self, begentle=True):
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self.gentle = begentle
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self.started_cgi_body = False
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self.got_cgi_headers = False
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self.wrote_html_warning = False
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self.headers = {} # Header names : values
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def execute_cgi(interpreter, trampoline, uid, jail_dir, working_dir,
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script_path, req, gentle):
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trampoline: Full path on the local system to the CGI wrapper program
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uid: User ID of the owner of the file.
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jail_dir: Absolute path of owner's jail directory.
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working_dir: Directory containing the script file relative to owner's
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script_path: CGI script relative to the owner's jail.
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req: IVLE request object.
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The called CGI wrapper application shall be called using popen and receive
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the HTTP body on stdin. It shall receive the CGI environment variables to
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# Get the student program's directory and execute it from that context.
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(tramp_dir, _) = os.path.split(trampoline)
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# TODO: Don't create a file if the body length is known to be 0
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# Write the HTTP body to a temporary file so it can be passed as a *real*
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f.seek(0) # Rewind, for reading
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# Set up the environment
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# This automatically asks mod_python to load up the CGI variables into the
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# environment (which is a good first approximation)
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old_env = os.environ.copy()
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for k in os.environ.keys():
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for (k,v) in req.get_cgi_environ().items():
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# usage: tramp uid jail_dir working_dir script_path
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pid = subprocess.Popen(
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[trampoline, str(uid), jail_dir, working_dir, interpreter,
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stdin=f, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
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# Restore the environment
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for k in os.environ.keys():
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for (k,v) in old_env.items():
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# process_cgi_line: Reads a single line of CGI output and processes it.
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# Prints to req, and also does fancy HTML warnings if Content-Type
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cgiflags = CGIFlags(gentle)
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# Read from the process's stdout into req
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data = pid.stdout.read(CGI_BLOCK_SIZE)
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process_cgi_output(req, data, cgiflags)
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data = pid.stdout.read(CGI_BLOCK_SIZE)
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# If we haven't processed headers yet, now is a good time
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if not cgiflags.started_cgi_body:
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process_cgi_output(req, '\n', cgiflags)
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# If we wrote an HTML warning header, write the footer
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if cgiflags.wrote_html_warning:
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def process_cgi_output(req, data, cgiflags):
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"""Processes a chunk of CGI output. data is a string of arbitrary length;
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some arbitrary chunk of output written by the CGI script."""
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if cgiflags.started_cgi_body:
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if cgiflags.wrote_html_warning:
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# HTML escape text if wrote_html_warning
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req.write(cgi.escape(data))
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# Break data into lines of CGI header data.
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linebuf = cgiflags.linebuf + data
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# First see if we can split all header data
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# We need to get the double CRLF- or LF-terminated headers, whichever
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# is smaller, as either sequence may appear somewhere in the body.
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usplit = linebuf.split('\n\n', 1)
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wsplit = linebuf.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)
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split = len(usplit[0]) > len(wsplit[0]) and wsplit or usplit
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# Haven't seen all headers yet. Buffer and come back later.
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cgiflags.linebuf = linebuf
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cgiflags.linebuf = ""
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cgiflags.started_cgi_body = True
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# Process all the header lines
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split = headers.split('\r\n', 1)
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split = headers.split('\n', 1)
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process_cgi_header_line(req, split[0], cgiflags)
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if len(split) == 1: break
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if cgiflags.wrote_html_warning:
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# We're done with headers. Treat the rest as data.
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data = headers + '\n' + data
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split = headers.split('\r\n', 1)
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split = headers.split('\n', 1)
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# Is this an internal IVLE error condition?
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hs = cgiflags.headers
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if 'X-IVLE-Error-Type' in hs:
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t = hs['X-IVLE-Error-Type']
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if t == IVLEError.__name__:
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raise IVLEError(int(hs['X-IVLE-Error-Code']),
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hs['X-IVLE-Error-Message'])
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raise IVLEJailError(hs['X-IVLE-Error-Type'],
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hs['X-IVLE-Error-Message'],
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hs['X-IVLE-Error-Info'])
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raise IVLEError(500, 'bad error headers written by CGI')
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# Check to make sure the required headers were written
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if cgiflags.wrote_html_warning or not cgiflags.gentle:
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# We already reported an error, that's enough
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elif "Content-Type" in cgiflags.headers:
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elif "Location" in cgiflags.headers:
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if ("Status" in cgiflags.headers and req.status >= 300
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and req.status < 400):
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message = """You did not write a valid status code for
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the given location. To make a redirect, you may wish to try:</p>
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<pre style="margin-left: 1em">Status: 302 Found
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Location: <redirect address></pre>"""
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write_html_warning(req, message)
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cgiflags.wrote_html_warning = True
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message = """You did not print a Content-Type header.
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CGI requires that you print a "Content-Type". You may wish to try:</p>
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<pre style="margin-left: 1em">Content-Type: text/html</pre>"""
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write_html_warning(req, message)
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cgiflags.wrote_html_warning = True
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# Call myself to flush out the extra bit of data we read
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process_cgi_output(req, data, cgiflags)
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def process_cgi_header_line(req, line, cgiflags):
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"""Process a line of CGI header data. line is a string representing a
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complete line of text, stripped and without the newline.
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name, value = line.split(':', 1)
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# If we are being gentle, we want to help the user understand what
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# went wrong. Otherwise, we bail out.
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if not cgiflags.gentle:
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# No colon. The user did not write valid headers.
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if len(cgiflags.headers) == 0:
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# First line was not a header line. We can assume this is not
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message = """You did not print a CGI header.
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CGI requires that you print a "Content-Type". You may wish to try:</p>
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<pre style="margin-left: 1em">Content-Type: text/html</pre>"""
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# They printed some header at least, but there was an invalid
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message = """You printed an invalid CGI header. You need to leave
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a blank line after the headers, before writing the page contents."""
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write_html_warning(req, message)
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cgiflags.wrote_html_warning = True
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# Handle the rest of this line as normal data
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process_cgi_output(req, line + '\n', cgiflags)
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value = value.strip()
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if name == "Content-Type":
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req.content_type = value
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elif name == "Location":
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elif name == "Status":
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# Must be an integer, followed by a space, and then the status line
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# which we ignore (seems like Apache has no way to send a custom
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req.status = int(value.split(' ', 1)[0])
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if not cgiflags.gentle:
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# This isn't user code, so it should be good.
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# Get us out of here!
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message = """The "Status" CGI header was invalid. You need to
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print a number followed by a message, such as "302 Found"."""
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write_html_warning(req, message)
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cgiflags.wrote_html_warning = True
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# Handle the rest of this line as normal data
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process_cgi_output(req, line + '\n', cgiflags)
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# Generic HTTP header
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# FIXME: Security risk letting users write arbitrary headers?
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req.headers_out[name] = value
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cgiflags.headers[name] = value
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def write_html_warning(req, text):
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"""Prints an HTML warning about invalid CGI interaction on the part of the
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user. text may contain HTML markup."""
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req.content_type = "text/html"
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req.write("""<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
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content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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<body style="margin: 0; padding: 0; font-family: sans-serif;">
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<div style="background-color: #faa; border-bottom: 1px solid black;
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<p><strong>Warning</strong>: %s
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<div style="margin: 8px;">
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location_cgi_python = os.path.join(conf.ivle_install_dir,
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# Mapping of interpreter names (as given in conf/app/server.py) to
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# interpreter functions.
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interpreter_objects = {
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: functools.partial(execute_cgi, "/usr/bin/python",
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location_cgi_python),
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def fixup_environ(req):
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"""Assuming os.environ has been written with the CGI variables from
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apache, make a few changes for security and correctness.
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Does not modify req, only reads it.
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# Comments here are on the heavy side, explained carefully for security
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# reasons. Please read carefully before making changes.
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# Remove DOCUMENT_ROOT and SCRIPT_FILENAME. Not part of CGI spec and
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# exposes unnecessary details about server.
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del env['DOCUMENT_ROOT']
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del env['SCRIPT_FILENAME']
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# Remove PATH. The PATH here is the path on the server machine; not useful
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# inside the jail. It may be a good idea to add another path, reflecting
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# the inside of the jail, but not done at this stage.
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# Remove SCRIPT_FILENAME. Not part of CGI spec (see SCRIPT_NAME).
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# PATH_INFO is wrong because the script doesn't physically exist.
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# Apache makes it relative to the "serve" app. It should actually be made
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# relative to the student's script.
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# TODO: At this stage, it is not possible to add a path after the script,
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# so PATH_INFO is always "".
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env['PATH_INFO'] = path_info
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# PATH_TRANSLATED currently points to a non-existant location within the
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# local web server directory. Instead make it represent a path within the
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(username, _, path_translated) = studpath.url_to_jailpaths(req.path)
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if len(path_translated) == 0 or path_translated[0] != os.sep:
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path_translated = os.sep + path_translated
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env['PATH_TRANSLATED'] = path_translated
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# CGI specifies that REMOTE_HOST SHOULD be set, and MAY just be set to
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# REMOTE_ADDR. Since Apache does not appear to set this, set it to
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if 'REMOTE_HOST' not in env and 'REMOTE_ADDR' in env:
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env['REMOTE_HOST'] = env['REMOTE_ADDR']
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# SCRIPT_NAME is the path to the script WITHOUT PATH_INFO.
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script_name = req.uri
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if len(path_info) > 0:
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script_name = script_name[:-len(path_info)]
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env['SCRIPT_NAME'] = script_name
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# SERVER_SOFTWARE is actually not Apache but IVLE, since we are
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# custom-making the CGI request.
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env['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] = "IVLE/" + str(conf.ivle_version)
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# Additional environment variables
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env['HOME'] = os.path.join('/home', username)
added
removed
lib/common/interpret.py
