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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
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to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
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intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
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software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
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General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
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Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
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using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
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the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price.
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Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have
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the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this
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service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
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want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
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free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
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To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone
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to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These
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restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
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distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
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For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis
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or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you
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have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source
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code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
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We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
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(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
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distribute and/or modify the software.
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Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
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that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
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software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
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want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
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that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents.
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We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will
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individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program
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proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent
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must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
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0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
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notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
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under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program",
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below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on
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the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under
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copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a
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portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or
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translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is
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included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each
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licensee is addressed as "you".
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Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are
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not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act
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of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the
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Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on
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the Program (independent of having been made by running the
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Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
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1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
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source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
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conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
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copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
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notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any
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warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of
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this License along with the Program.
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You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy,
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and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange
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2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
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of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
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distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
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above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
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a. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
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stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
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b. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that
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in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program
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or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge
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to all third parties under the terms of this License.
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c. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
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when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
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interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display
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an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and
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a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you
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provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the
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program under these conditions, and telling the user how to
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view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program
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itself is interactive but does not normally print such an
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announcement, your work based on the Program is not required
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to print an announcement.)
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These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
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identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the
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Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate
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works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not
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apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate
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works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a
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whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of
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the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions
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for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each
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and every part regardless of who wrote it.
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Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or
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contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the
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intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of
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derivative or collective works based on the Program.
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the
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Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on
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a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the
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other work under the scope of this License.
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3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
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under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms
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of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the
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a. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
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source code, which must be distributed under the terms of
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Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for
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software interchange; or,
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b. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
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years, to give any third-party, for a charge no more than your
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cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
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machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
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distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a
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medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
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c. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
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to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
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allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
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received the program in object code or executable form with
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such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
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The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
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making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete
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source code means all the source code for all modules it contains,
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plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts
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used to control compilation and installation of the executable.
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However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need
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not include anything that is normally distributed (in either
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source or binary form) with the major components (compiler,
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kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable
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runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
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If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
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access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
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access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
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distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
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compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
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4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
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except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
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otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
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void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
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License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
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from you under this License will not have their licenses
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terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
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5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
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signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify
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or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions
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are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.
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Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work
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based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this
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License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
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distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
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6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
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Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
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original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program
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subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any
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further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights
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granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance
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by third parties to this License.
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7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
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infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent
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issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order,
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agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this
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License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this
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License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously
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your obligations under this License and any other pertinent
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obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the
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Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit
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royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who
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receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only
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way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain
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entirely from distribution of the Program.
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If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable
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under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is
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intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply
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in other circumstances.
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
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patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of
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any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting
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the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
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implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
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generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
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through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
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system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is
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willing to distribute software through any other system and a
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licensee cannot impose that choice.
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed
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to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
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8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
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certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces,
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the original copyright holder who places the Program under this
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License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation
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excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only
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in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this
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License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of
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9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
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versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such
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new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
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may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
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Program specifies a version number of this License which applies
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to it and "any later version", you have the option of following
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the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later
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version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program
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does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
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any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
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10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
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programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
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author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted
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by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software
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Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision
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will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
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all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing
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and reuse of software generally.
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11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
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WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
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LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
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HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT
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WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT
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NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
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FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE
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QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
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PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY
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SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
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12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
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WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
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MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
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LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
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INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
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INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
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DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU
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OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY
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OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN
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ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
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How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
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=============================================
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If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
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possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
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free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
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To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to
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attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey
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the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
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"copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
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ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
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Copyright (C) YYYY NAME OF AUTHOR
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This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
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(at your option) any later version.
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This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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GNU General Public License for more details.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
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Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
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If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
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when it starts in an interactive mode:
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Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR
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Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
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This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
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under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
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The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
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appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
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commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show
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c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
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You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
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school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
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necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
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Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
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`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
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SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
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Ty Coon, President of Vice
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This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
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into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library,
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you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
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applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the
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GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.
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COPYING
